Paper by Jay Beckwith at the Minnesota Recreation and Parks Association
63rd Annual Conference – 11/5/00
Historical BackgroundSince the early 70’s I have been designing unique play equipment options
for kids. First doing custom built structures and then in ’76 creating School
Yard BigToys. In 1980 I designed the first modular post and clamp play
system, PlayBoosters, for Mexico Forge. When Landscape Structures bought
that company I recreated the concept for Iron Mountain Forge, now Little
Tikes, as KidBuilders. This was followed by the development of the 10 Plus
concept for Kompan.
I have been sometimes been called the father of the modern playground. In
fact there where many others, such as Richard Dattner, Paul Friedburg, and
Steve King who also were also influential in the early development of
architectural alternatives to the then dominant form of play equipment,
swings, slides and climbers made from pipe. I mention this history because it
is important to remember that in those years, creating playgrounds was an
exciting and creative pursuit. There were lots of wonderful options for
designers then that have subsequently disappeared from the market.
I created post and deck system to fulfill a specific design requirement …
play equipment for elementary schools. The concept of attaching play events
to linked platforms was intended to take advantage of the characteristic style
of play for 1st through 3rd graders; games of chase and tag. A large complex
play structure perfectly matches the physical and developmental needs from
7 to 11 in a high-density setting.
In those days we talked a lot about "play environments." These were
envisioned as diverse spaces with all manner of play opportunities. We did
not intend that post and deck play structures become the total play space,
which is now sadly the rule.
Even if our vision of thirty years ago had been fully realized it would not be
right for today’s children. Kids now are fundamentally and profoundly
different than children of even a decade ago. If we are to invest in the
creation of recreation spaces that are relevant now and have a chance of
some utility into the future we must better understand what today’s kids
need and why our own childhood prevents us from seeing those needs
clearly.
How the Past Prevents Seeing Today’s Needs Clearly
As a "grown up" you have a point of view that effectively puts on blinders
that prevents you from fully understanding the present needs of kids. You
need only look at the friction between your City Council and the kids
demanding a BMX track to see that there is a lack of understanding and
shared values.
When we grew up one belonged, more or less to one of four groups: Jocks,
Preppies, Nerds and Geeks. What is interesting is that membership in one of
these cliques was determined largely by ones selection of leisure activities.
Obviously the more you were into football or basketball the more you
became a jock. Tennis or golf, and to a lesser extent baseball and track were
the leisure pursuits for those bound to become the "suits" of the next
generation.
The nerds shunned physical activity and focused on science and technology
often to exclusion of a social life. Of course the nerds have had the last
laugh, growing up to be the Bill Gates of our world and coming out the real
winners.
The geeks just hung out. They were non-conformists and sought lifestyle
alternatives. They became the beach bums and hippies. A popular leisure
activity for this group was surfing which was soon transmogrified into
skateboarding. If there was no beach around, these kinds often got involved
with backpacking, which evolved into rock climbing.
Now, of course, these characterizations are gross over simplifications. But it
is useful to remember that adults today bring some of this history with them
and it colors how they see today’s kids and thus how they make choices in
the creation and support of leisure activities.
Let’s look, for example, at how these attitudes color our feelings about
skateboarding. While recently skateboarding has come into the mainstream
it is not very long ago that most adults perceived skateboarders as losers and
malcontents and their activities were seen as vandalism. If you were a Jock
or a Preppie you hated Geeks … and still do. So if you are now a grown up
jock or preppie who has become a Parks and Rec Commissioner you will
bring along a bias that makes it impossible for you to see the development of
a skatepark as a good thing. If you do allow one to be built, you will be
certain to vote for a location that is as far way from the mainstream of
community life as possible.
Support for rock climbing as a leisure activity in recreation programming
suffers not only from some of this historical bias but also of the nature of the
sport itself. The geeks who went off into the woods for recreation were by
nature loners. Unlike, skateboarders who are "in your face", climbers
disappear. Not only do they vanish but they also won’t tell you where they
go or what they do. Like fisherman protecting a special "hole" a climber
won’t reveal the best climbing venues. Park and recreation professionals can
and have ignored them as part of their constituency for decades. Its is only
when they brought their pursuit indoors so they could practice in the winter
did we take note of them.
Both climbing and skateboarding have gain popularity, due mainly to
exposure in the X-Games. It is amazing how often riders and climbers are
shown in advertisements when the product wants to associate with what is
"now" and "hot." For decades proposals for skating and climbing facilities
where ignored or declined because these were thought to be fad pursuits. No
one can think these are fads now. We must stop thinking of these as kids
hung up on a temporary fad and see them for what they are, legitimate
athletes engaged in very interesting and demanding sports.
The high end of these sports will be "extreme" and are more appropriately
done in the controlled conditions of indoor facilities. The beginner and
intermediate players need free access to facilities in which to practice and
develop their skills. Park departments have traditionally provided the
support system that feeds the higher levels of sports.
Do you think this kid plays on swings and slides?
The Wired Child
Consider this, today’s ten year old has never known a time without a
personal computer, the Internet or 150 TV channels. Heck, they’ve never
even seen a black and white TV or computer screen. They’ve always lived in
prosperity and without war. And most importantly for those concerned with
recreation, every playground they have ever played on has had essentially
the same play structure.
They’ve rooted for Tony Hawks while he struggled to be the first to land a
"900", two and a half rotations in the air above a half-pipe. When he landed
it at the X-Games it was for their generation the equivalent of the first steps
on the moon. They know Tony as a world-class athlete, father of two, and
the star of the video games ProSkater I and II. Which, by the way have
grossed more sales than all but the very top Hollywood blockbusters.
The Twentieth Century for these kids is just one block of time. For a
Halloween costume they might choose a flapper’s dress, poodle skirt or tiedye
shirt and bell-bottoms, and consider any of the choices simply "retro."
Today’s kids grow up faster and stay young longer. The play structures that
used to attract kids in the 70’s from five to preteens are now used only a
little by the 8 year olds. A 10 year-old plays there only when there is no
other option.
For adults the "Information Age" is still largely external. We think of it
mainly as computers. These kids swim in a sea of information like dolphins
in a warm ocean. And because of this immersion their very cognitive
processes are fundamentally different. The root cause of the "crisis" in
education today is that you might as well have donkeys trying to teach
chimpanzees for all that teachers and kids share in their perception of the
world.
In trying to understand what this change means, what kids will respond to
and respect. I’ve spent a lot of time among the kids and with the literature in
this field. From my studies I’ve developed eleven basic rules. These have
really helped me better see the world through their eyes. They have also
illuminated my design practice. I use them every day to make choices about
what to build so that I am sure the kids will like what I make.
The following terms and concepts are all language used with computers and
the Information Age. It is important to understand that their application is
not limited to computers. These ideas have become part and parcel of the
reality construct of today’s kids.
1. Layered - think about the hidden levels in the game called Doom.
2. Linked - one thing leads to another, the Net/web.
3. Non-linear - envision the child exploring information on the web like
a dog on the beach, not in a straight line but as interest dictates.
4. Configurable – Being able to change the color of your cell phone is
not just cool, it is the signal that mass production can, with the addition of
information systems, also be personal.
5. Virtual - I am "me" except when I’m on-line, then I’m "Doctor Play".
6. Interactive - when physical constraints and consequences disappear
in the virtual world I experience unlimited behaviors and come to expect a
very high level of responsiveness from my environment.
7. Recordable - The sense of time begins to change when I can record
the weekend football game for later replay, or record my actions and then
return to an earlier point in the process and take a different direction.
8. Embedded – Intelligence leaves the computer and enters the
environment. Consider the "information" packed into the McDonald’s Logo.
9. Real-time - waiting will increasing become obsolete. Entertainment
increasing becomes live (sports) or interactive (movies with various
endings). As kids increasingly live virtual lives they will consequentially
also seek more "real time" direct experiences.
10. Operating Systems – information is controlled by various operating
systems, the control of which brings power and status.
11. High tech, high touch - when I am in my virtual self I am out of
body. When I am in the physical world I am intensely aware of my senses.
This explains the seeming dichotomy of heavy computer use on one hand
and the popularity of extreme sports on the other.
Are You Still Building Yesterday’s Parks?
While Baseball and Basketball are still popular, the real growth in leisure
pursuits has been in what are loosely called "alternative" sports,
rollerblading, skateboarding, kayaking, snowboarding, BMX, and climbing.
The pattern of family leisure time has changed as well. The neighborhood
park has been largely abandoned in favor of the large "destination" park that
has facilities for fitness activities like biking and well as something different
and unique on the playground.
Everyday I see plans for playground renovations come across my desk that
have formula that consists of a ball field; a basketball court and the same old
play structure. It breaks my heart to see good money being spent on facilities
that are already outdated and irrelevant to the needs of most families and
will be underutilized.
Yes, there is a sudden resurgence in interes skateparks. But again, these are
generally just copies of concepts that are 20 years old, bowls or street
courses. I have yet to see anywhere a park development that truly embodies
the needs of today.
I am not suggesting that ball fields and play structures won’t be part of
playgrounds for decades to come. I am proposing that they are not the be all
and end all. Designs that are limited to these features will be less successful
and popular than those those also include well-designed trails and have
BMX options or even ramps and other tricks along the route. Up to date
parks will have skateparks as well but these will tend to be smaller and less
expensive and the events will be changeable so that the activities can be
constantly refreshed. And they will have bouldering walls. These walls will
not be lame plastic add-ons to play structures but valid climbing challenges
that will engage the whole family.
These are exciting times. The way families spend their leisure time is
undergoing a tremendous transformation. I hope you are as excited about
adapting to these new opportunities and the new concepts that your
departments are implementing. I hope the ideas we have shared today will
provide insights that reinforce your efforts.
